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Ch 10 - Human Resources and Job Design

  1. Human Resource Strategy   (p390)
    1. Objective of Human Resource Strategy is to design jobs so that human resources:
      1. Are efficiently utilized and
      2. Have a reasonable quality of work life in an atmosphere of mutual commitment.
  2. Labor Planning   (p391)
    1. Employment Stability Policies
      1. Follow demand exactly - high hire/fire costs
      2. Hold employment constant - high inventory costs
      3. Some combination of 1 & 2 - Aggregate Planning - Ch 13
    2. Work Schedules
      1. Standard work schedule - 5 days, 9 AM to 5 PM
      2. Flex-time - 5 days, start 9 AM ± 2 hrs
      3. Flexible work week - example 4 10-hr days
      4. Part-time workers
  3. Job Design   (p392)
    1. Definitions
      1. Job - the set of tasks an employee is to perform (may include more than one work station).
      2. Job design - specifying job content for each employee.
      3. Job enlargement - adding tasks to create a meaningful work unit (horizontal expansion, Fig 10.2).
      4. Job enrichment - adding responsibility for planning and/or control (vertical expansion).
      5. Job rotation
    2. Ergonomics (study of human-machine interface, p397)
      1. Scientific Management - started by Frederick Taylor in late 1800s. Developed formal procedures for personnel selection and work methods.
      2. Methods Analysis - techniques to analyze (p399):
        1. *Movement of individuals or material - Process Chart - Fig 10.5 (c), p400, Fig 7.9, p268.
        2. *Human-machine activity - Activity Chart - Fig 10.6.
        3. *Body movement - Left-hand/Right-hand Chart - Fig 10.7.
  4. Ch 10 Supplement - Work Measurement   (p412)
    1. Def - Labor Standard - amount of time a qualified worker, working at a normal rate, will require to perform a specified task.
    2. Uses of labor standards
      1. Product costing and pricing
      2. Determination of staffing needs
      3. Assembly line balancing
      4. Wage-incentive plans
  5. Methods to Determine Labor Standards
    1. *Time Studies   (p413)
      1. Divide task into elements
      2. Time and rate the worker as task is performed
      3. Compute normal time
            Normal time = S (performance rating) * (avg actual time)
            Performance rating - evaluation of individual worker compared to normal worker.
      4. Compute standard time - allows for unavoidable delays, fatigue, personal time, . . . (Fig S10.1 p414)
      5. Standard time = (Normal time)/( 1 - Allowance factor)
             Example S2 - letter preparation - p415
           

          Element

          		 Cycle (in minutes) Avg     
          Actual
          Time          		 Perf
          Rating            		Element 
          Normal
          Time
             1    2    3    4    5
          Type letter   8 10   9   * 11   9.5   1.20 11.40
          Type envelope   2   3   2   1   3   2.2   1.05   2.31
          Sort envelopes     2   1   *   2   1   1.5   1.10   1.65
                          15.36

            Normal time = 15.36 minutes
            Allowance factor is given as 15%
            Standard time = (Normal time)/( 1 - Allowance factor)
                    = (15.36)/( 1 - .15 )
                    = 18.07 minutes
                                         Do Assigned HW

    2. *Predetermined Time Standards   (p418)
      1. Procedure
        1. Divide task into micro-motions, Fig S10.2, p419
        2. Normal time = S (predetermined time stds)
        3. Standard time = (Normal time)/( 1 - Allowance factor)
      2. Advantages relative to Time Studies
        1. Does not disrupt production activities
        2. Can be set before task is performed
        3. Is accepted by unions as fair
    3. *Work Sampling    (p420)
      1. Procedure
        1. Divide task into activities
        2. Randomly observe, rate and record worker activities
        3. Compute activity proportions
        4. Compute normal time
              Normal time = (Total time) * (Activity proportion) *
                       (Perf. rating) / (Number of pieces produced)
        5. Standard time = (Normal time)/( 1 - Allowance factor)
                      (This page was last edited on January 15, 2010 .)